Angkor Wat Timeline

Angkor Wat Timeline At its height, the Khmer Empire that built Angkor Wat and the other marvelous temples near Siem Reap, Cambodia controlled much of Southeast Asia. From what is now Myanmar in the west to all but a thin strip of land along the Vietnamese coast of the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Khmers ruled it all.  Their reign continued for more than six hundred years, from 802 to 1431 CE. The Temples During that time, the Khmers built hundreds of gorgeous, intricately carved temples. Most began as Hindu temples, but many were later converted to Buddhist sites. In some cases, they switched back and forth between the two faiths numerous times, as attested by the different carvings and statues made at different time periods. Angkor Wat is the most wonderful of all these temples.  Its name means City of Temples or Capital City Temple.  When it was first constructed before 1150 CE, it was dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu. By the end of the 12th century, however, it was gradually being transitioned into a Buddhist temple instead. Angkor Wat remains a center of Buddhist worship to this day. The Khmer Empires reign marks a high point in the cultural, religious, and artistic development of Southeast Asia. Eventually, however, all empires fall.  In the end, the Khmer Empire succumbed to drought and to incursions from neighboring peoples, particularly from Siam (Thailand).  Its ironic that the name Siem Reap, for the city nearest Angkor Wat, means Siam is defeated.  As it turned out, the people of Siam would bring down the Khmer Empire.  The lovely monuments remain today, though, testaments to the artistry, engineering and martial prowess of the Khmers. Timeline of Angkor Wat 802 C.E. - Jayavarman II is crowned, rules until 850, founds kingdom of Angkor. 877 - Indravarman I becomes king, orders construction of Preah Ko and Bakhong temples. 889 - Yashovarman I is crowned, rules until 900, completes Lolei, Indratataka, and Eastern Baray (reservoir), and builds Phnom Bakheng temple. 899 - Yasovarman I becomes king, rules until 917, establishes capital Yasodharapura on Angkor Wat site. 928 - Jayavarman IV takes throne, establishes capital at Lingapura (Koh Ker). 944 - Rajendravarman crowned, builds Eastern Mebon and Pre Rup. 967 - Delicate Banteay Srei temple built. 968-1000 - Reign of Jayavarman V, starts work on Ta Keo temple but never finishes it. 1002 - Khmer civil war between Jayaviravarman and Suryavarman I, construction begins on Western Baray. 1002 - Suryavarman I wins civil war, rules until 1050. 1050 - Udayadityavarman II takes throne, builds Baphuon. 1060 - Western Baray reservoir finished. 1080 - Mahidharapura Dynasty founded by Jayavarman VI, who builds Phimai temple. 1113 - Suryavarman II crowned king, rules until 1150, designs Angkor Wat. 1140 - Construction begins on Angkor Wat. 1177 - Angkor sacked by the Chams people from southern Vietnam, partially burned, Khmer king killed. 1181 - Jayavarman VII, famous for defeating Chams, becomes king, sacks Chams capital in reprisal in 1191. 1186 - Jayavarman VII builds Ta Prohm in honor of his mother. 1191 - Jayavarman VII dedicates Preah Khan to his father. End of 12th century - Angkor Thom (Great City) built as new capital, including state temple at the Bayon. 1220 - Jayavarman VII dies. 1296-97 - Chinese chronicler Zhou Daguan visits Angkor, records daily life in Khmer capital. 1327 - End of classical Khmer era, last stone engravings. 1352-57 - Angkor sacked by Ayutthaya Thais. 1393 - Angkor sacked again. 1431 - Angkor abandoned after invasion by Siam (Thais), although some monks continue to use the site.

Economical value of sugarcane Essays

Economical value of sugarcane Essays Economical value of sugarcane Essay Economical value of sugarcane Essay Kelang, Selangor, Malaysia is used in signifier of pellet. The studied sugar cane bagasse ( Saccharum officinarum ) was a residue of the sugar cane milling procedure gathered from sugarcane juice shapers in Malaysia. The bagasse was sundried for two yearss and its fibers were extracted and chopped utilizing a knife-ring flaker followed by screening to obtain more homogenous dimensions. The -40+50 mesh ( 300 mm 425 millimeter ) sizes of bagasse were used in this survey. The chaff of the sugar cane works includes an outer rind, made up of a difficult hempen substance environing a cardinal nucleus of pith, which is softer [ 10-12 ] . Due to its mechanical feature, sugar cane bagasse rind ( SBR ) is used in this survey, whereas the PMPPIC yoke agent was supplied by Polyscience Inc. , U.S.A. All other chemicals used were of an analytical class without farther purification. 2.2. Sugar remotion The sieved SBR was rinse several times with H2O to take the surplus of sugar. The sugar was dissolved in H2O and changed the coloring material of H2O. The procedure was repeated until the color alteration of H2O was non detected as a mark of low content of sugar remain on the surface of SBR. The washed SBR was denoted as sugar-free SBR. In add-on, the term sugar used in this article refers to solid constituents that are dissolved in H2O as sugar cane juice, including saccharose, fructose, lactose, and some drosss. Both sugar-free and common SBR were used and compared to analyze whether or non the presence of sugar cane juice on the SBR would impact the mechanical belongingss of SBR/PVC complexs. Some of washed bagasse was used as filler without farther intervention, while some of it was used after assorted chemical interventions. 2.3. Alkali ( sodium hydrated oxide ) intervention The method of base intervention reported by Saini et Al. [ 7 ] was followed. The solution of Na hydrated oxide ( NaOH ) used in this survey was 1 % with submergence clip of 30 % . 2.4. Benzoic acid intervention The method of benzoic acid intervention reported by Zheng et Al. [ 8 ] was followed with benzoic acerb content of 5 % of weight of SBR. 2.5. Matching agent The PMPPIC ( 2 % by weight of PVC ) was added to the internal sociable shortly after the PVC was fed into a thaw sociable during readying of complexs. The PMPPIC treated PVC was so assorted with the sugar-free SBR followed by the readying of complexs. 2.6. Preparation of complexs and samples PVC and SBR were compounded in a Haake Polydrive R600 internal sociable at a temperature of 170oC and rotor velocity of 50 revolutions per minute. PVC pellets were fed into the chamber and assorted for five proceedingss, followed by feeding of the SBR for the entire mixing clip of 15 proceedingss. In this survey, the complexs were prepared in 40 % weight of the rind fiber. Hot pressure was so carried out at a temperature of 170oC for 12.5 proceedingss, following by chilling the mixture under force per unit area to room temperature. The concluding merchandises were in the signifier of home bases with 1 millimeter thickness. Tensile trial samples were cut utilizing a specimen cutter as per ASTM D638-M3. 2.7. Tensile proving An Instron 3365 machine was used for tensile proving with a crosshead-speed of 2 mm/min. Tensile strength and modulus were calculated and recorded. The study was based on the mean values of at least five measurings. 2.8. Density finding The denseness finding was performed utilizing an AND GR-200 analytical balance with denseness measurement kit. It was performed by agencies of Archimides rule, besides called as perkiness method and determined by mensurating the weight of a sample when it is placed in the air ( Wa ) and its weight when it is to the full immersed in distilled H2O ( Wb ) at temperature of 25 A ; deg ; C. Formula ( 1 ) was used to cipher the denseness, R. where 0.997 is the denseness of distilled H2O at 25 A ; deg ; C in g/cm3. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Similar tendency with less important distance was besides found in the consequence of strength modulus finding except for the benzoic acid treated complexs. Alkali and PMPIC interventions increased the tensile modulus of washed bagasse/PVC complex, whereas benzoic acid intervention was found to diminish the tensile modulus. The lessening of tensile modulus after benzoic acid intervention was besides reported by Zheng et Al. [ 8 ] . It was likely caused by impairment of the bagasse due to chemical reaction with the acid. The most interesting consequence is that both tensile strengths and moduli of all sugar-free SBR/PVC complexs were lower than those of common SBR/PVC complexs. It seems that sugar dramas more of import function in the mechanical belongingss of SBR/PVC complexs as compared to the chemical interventions. Beside the interfacial bounding between fiber and matrix, another job in natural fiber is the being of pit in the unit cell, called lms. If non appropriately treated, this pit may still be in natural fiber complexs as a nothingness and cut down the effectual cross-section country, which is the country that participates in reassigning the burden emphasis, ensuing in lower tensile strength and modulus. Figure 2 shows that the being of sugar may really minimise this job. The empty lms shown in sugar-free bagasse was filled by solid sugar that was existed in common bagasse. Furthermore, Figure 3 shows that there is no clear differentiation between fiber and matrix of common SBF/PVC complex ( a ) in contrast to all sugar-free SBF/PVC complexs ( B, degree Celsius, vitamin D, and vitamin E ) . It is an grounds that melted sugar may besides make full the spread between bagasse and the matrix every bit good as between packages of bagasse when they were mixed at high temperature ( 170 A ; deg ; C ) . Beside increasing the effectual cross-section country, the being of sugar in between fiber and matrix surface may heighten the interfacial clash between fiber and matrix, therefore bettering the transportation of lading emphasis, and ensuing in better tensile strength and modulus of the complexs. These groundss were besides strengthened by the consequence of denseness findings. Table 1 shows that the common SBR/PVC complexs performed the highest denseness due to the being of sugar in the lms of SBR and in between SBR and PVC surfaces. 4. Decision Among all studied SBR/PVC complexs, common SBR/PVC performed the best tensile strength and modulus. The being of sugar may increase the effectual cross-section country and better the interfacial clash between fiber and matrix. 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The consequence of bagasse fibres obtained ( from rind and pith constituent ) on the belongingss of unsaturated polyester complexs. Materials Letters. 2008 ; 62: 2253-6. Rasul MG, Rudolph V, Carsky M. Physical belongingss of bagasse. Fuel. 1999 ; 78: 905-10. Vazquez A, Dominguez VA, Kenny JM. Bagasse Fiber-Polypropylene Based Composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials. 1999 ; 12: 477-97.